1. Meteorology and Monsoon Forecasting

• Early Monsoon Forecasting: Introduced in the 1860s, monsoon predictions used Himalayan snow cover as a key parameter to forecast summer rainfall.

  These forecasts were essential for agricultural planning and mitigating famine risks in colonial India.

• El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): Systematic studies by Gilbert Walker identified the global pressure variation, Southern Oscillation, as a key driver of climate variability.

  ENSO’s warm and cold phases influence global temperature and precipitation patterns, crucial for Indian monsoons.

• Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and EQUINOO: Discovered in 1999 and 2004, respectively, these phenomena describe sea-surface temperature oscillations in the Indian Ocean affecting rainfall.

  IOD impacts monsoon rainfall and drought, while EQUINOO enhances the accuracy of monsoon forecasts.

• Atmospheric Ozone Research: Studies initiated in the 1920s contributed to understanding ozone depletion, particularly over Antarctica.

  IMD’s contributions to ozone research highlighted India’s scientific advancements in global environmental monitoring.

2. Innovations in Observations

• Advanced Instruments: Developed ozonesondes and solar radiation sensors for accurate atmospheric measurements.

  These tools enhanced understanding of atmospheric phenomena critical to climate science.

• Thermometer Huts: Early shelters for temperature measurement ensured accurate and consistent data collection.

  Revolutionized temperature monitoring by protecting instruments from environmental interference.

• Snow Depth Sensors: Designed for measuring snowfall with precision in challenging terrains.

  These sensors aid disaster management and water resource planning in Himalayan regions.

Technological Innovations

• Statistical Ensemble Forecasting System (SEFS): Introduced in 2007 for improved monsoon prediction accuracy.

  The system integrates multiple models to provide reliable forecasts, benefiting agriculture and water management.

• Multi-Model Ensemble (MME): Combines global climate models for precise seasonal rainfall predictions.

  This technique minimizes errors and supports regional climate outlooks.

• Impact-Based Forecasting (IBF): Launched in 2019 to provide actionable warnings for severe weather.

  IBF includes color-coded alerts for cyclones, floods, and other hazards, enabling better disaster preparedness.

• Agricultural Meteorology Services: Tailored weather advisories for farmers since 1945, now extended to block levels.

  Agrometeorology innovations have boosted crop productivity and rural livelihoods significantly.

• Enhanced Cyclone Forecasting: Advanced technology and modeling have drastically reduced cyclone-related fatalities.

  Accurate track and intensity forecasts have saved countless lives and minimized economic losses.

Over the past 150 years, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has consistently contributed to scientific and technological advancements. From pioneering monsoon forecasting to implementing life-saving cyclone warnings, IMD’s efforts have transformed weather services and disaster management, benefitting millions across the nation.